Physiology of pain

While in the earlier societies women may have predominantly served as healers, the role was at last assumed by the treat man (2:3). Besides employ costume and incantations, medicine men as well employed herbal concoctions in their effort to allay suffering (2:3).

With time the medicine man was replaced by the priest (2:5). The advance of certain societies also led to new concepts regarding cark. The ancient Egyptians, for instance, believed that unhingeful afflictions other than wounds were caused by gods (2:3). In ancient India, irritation was initially attributed to the god, Indra (2:3). About euchre B.C., Buddha attributed the universality of pain in life to the frustration of thirst (2:3). While Hindu and Buddhist thought recognized pain as a sensation, both cultures tended to attach more importation to the emotional aspects of the experience (2:3).

Meanwhile, other civilizations created step-upal theories about pain. In ancient China, the practice of medicine can be traced tolerate to the time of the Yellow Emperor, Huang Ti, who lived about 2600 B.C. (2:3). According to the Chinese concept, in a normal person, the two opposing forces, the Yin (the feminine, negative, passive force) and the Yang (the masculine, positive, active agent force), are in balance and assist the vital cypher called the qi to circulate to all parts of the body via a network of channels (2:3-4). Any problem in chi circulation, the Chi

It wasn't until the latter part of the eighteenth century, however, that the new era of analgesia began (2:7). The first major advance was make by Joseph Priestley when he discovered the analgesic properties of nitrous oxide (2:6). Subsequently, in 1806, Serturner isolated morphine from crude opium (2:7). This important step was followed by the development of techniques for isolating and refining various other opium alkaloids (2:7). In 1832, codeine was isolated (2:7). Also developed were urea, aspirin, and ether (2:7). Furthermore, with the advent of anesthesia and aseptic surgery, neurosurgical methods for dealing with pain also emerged (2:7). In addition to these advances, further progress was achieved towards the development of physical therapy (2:7).

Hydrotherapy, thermotherapy, mechanotherapy, and, more recently, beam therapy were all evaluated for use in pain management (2:7).

When untreated, the pain can develop into "chronic pain syndrome" (11-:304). Chronic pain syndrome denotes patients who suffer persistent, intractable pain complaint-- (2:19). These complaints may be foreign to existing physical problems or illness (2:20). There may also be a history of multiple physician contacts and non-productive diagnostic procedures (2:19). Finally, there too is often excessive preoccupancy with the patient's complaint--on. both the part of the patient as well as the part of family and friends (2:19).

Phasic pain is of short duration and reflects the immediate bushel of the onset of injury (5:222). It is primarily characterized by efforts to withdraw from the lineage of injury (5:222). Anecdotal evidence is strong that people touch in activities that would be disrupted by pain acquire injuries without complaint (5:21-2-223). For example, wounds are often disregarded by soldiers on the battlefield (5:223). Thus, phasic pain is the immediate reaction to physical provoke modulated for the particular biological, physical, and social set
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